Friday, December 27, 2019

Painting With Light By Dante Gabriel Rossetti Essay

The exhibition, ‘Painting with Light’ will be displayed at the Tate Modern in London from May the 11th till September the 25th 2016. To those of you who may see Edwardian and Victorian art as not being particularly exciting, i would encourage you to try and look past this disinterest and get down to see the ‘Painting with Light’ exhibition. The exhibition impressively manages to capture the development of art during the period in a way of which the disinterest of most is turned into intrigue and knowledge. The exhibition focuses on the relationship between painting and photography, the largely experimental period in which this developed coincided with the founding of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Paintings by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Everett Millais and John Singer Sargent are included (and personally i believe they are the highlights of the exhibition) are shown side by side with the photos they inspired and of subjects they drew inspiration from. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was a secret society of the mid 19th century that sought to create a new form of British art. They strived to emulate art from the late medieval period, early renaissance till the of Raphael, striving to convey messages of artistic renewal and moral reform. This theme combined with Aesthetic and Impressionist works gives the richness in culture and a great span in examples that supply ample contextual and visual support for the idea the exhibition is conveying. Although the exhibitionShow MoreRelatedArt 100 Museum Paper814 Words   |  4 PagesDesign, 1848-1900†. It is the first major survey of the art of the Pre-Raphaelites to be shown in the United States features some 130 paintings, sculptures, works on paper, and decorative art objects. The young members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, formed in 1848, shook the art world of mid-19th-century Britain by rejecting traditional approaches to painting. Combining scientific precision, an innovative approach to subject matter, and brilliant, clear colors, Pre-Raphaelitism was BritainsRead MoreThe Pre Raphaelite Brotherhood By John Everett Millais996 Words   |  4 PagesThe Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was founded by John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and William Holman Hunt who were students at the Royal Academy. Millais, Rossetti, and Hunt were dissatisfied with the academy teaching students to mimic renaissance masters like Raphael, and sought to create art reminiscent of the medieval period. In addition for their distaste for renaissance perfection in art the Pre-Raphaelite Broth erhood were inspired by the theories of writer and art critic, John RuskinRead More The Pre-Raphaelites Essay3594 Words   |  15 Pagesup of 19th-century English painters, poets, and critics whos work responded towards the practice of Victorian and neoclassical subject mater by developing bright imitations of religious work. More specifically, and of the most beautiful are the paintings of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and their followers, bright and clear colours, fair women and themes from myths and legends.(Darkamber 1). The groups source of inspiration came from early Renaissance painters and medieval times. This was up untilRead MoreThe Pre Raphaelites Critique On Society Through The Image Of Women1495 Words   |  6 Pagesbeauty of women at the time. With the use of women as props in paintings and using old methods of paining the men tiptoed the line between creating effective images for progresses and change and driving art into a regressive state. The name ‘Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was derived from the group’s preference for late medieval and early Renaissance art that was before Raphael. The group was composed of painters, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, James Collinson andRead MoreChristina Rossettis : Song Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pagesand grief. Love and tragic loss are key themes of the Pre-Raphaelite Art and Literature movement, and ‘Song’ combines the two beautifully in a way that neither glorifies nor portrays a detrimental idea of death and the outcomes it brings. Rossetti uses a variety of natural imagery to beautify the idea of life. She tells the reader to ‘plant no roses at my head’ where the symbol of the ‘rose’ embodies the theme of love, which was key in such a Romantic Era of poetry. Further use of the ideaRead MoreChristina Rossetti Feminist Criticism1700 Words   |  7 Pagesprominence and esteem, yet they were found to both reject the traditional female form and â€Å"succumbed to the lure of stereotypical representations.† Christina Rossetti was one who was found to come under such scrutiny with her poems ‘Maude Clare’, ‘No, Thank You John’, and ‘In an Artist’s Studio’ to convey differing constructions of women. Christina Rossetti was born in 1830 in a time that held a strict ideology of women as being a domesticated and moral housewife, and this image was published in all typesRead MorePre-Raphaelites: Realism Over Reynolds Essay2092 Words   |  9 PagesBrotherhood,† or â€Å"P.R.B.† (Whiteley 6). This group included: Gabriel Charles Dante Rossetti (1828-1882), John Everett Millais (1829-1896), William Holman Hunt (1827-1910), Thomas Woolner (1825-1892), William Michael Rossetti (1829-1919), James Collinson (1825-1881), and Frederick George Stephens (1828-1907). Though this movement lasted only a few years, these men pulled the art establishment away from the stagnant rules of the Royal Academy by painting works that revitalized religious, moral, and romanticRead MoreArt Nouveau By Edward Burne Jones From The Pre- Raphaelites And The Japanese Style1889 Words   |  8 Pagessimplistic style of art instead (The Art Story: Modern Art Insight). This style later matured and swapp ed the old modern face with the new. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood began in 1848 as a secret group of Artists which included, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, William Michael Rossetti, Thomas Woolner, William Holman Hunt, Frederic George Stephens, James Collinson, and John Everett Millais. They were going against the current art style and, mainly the British Royal Academy. The Pre-Raphaelites goal was to remainRead MoreLiterary Tendency of Victorian Literature: Special Reference to Lord Alfred Tennyson and Robert Browning3101 Words   |  13 Pagescritical essays on culture, literature, religion, and society. Many of his essays were collected in Culture and Anarchy (1869). An art movement indicative of this period was the Pre-Raphaelites, which included William Holman Hunt, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Christina Rossetti, and John Everett Millais. Also during this period were the Impressionists, the Realists, and the Fauves, though the Pre-Raphaelites were distinctive for being a completely English movement. Queen Victoria reigned over an immenseRead MoreEssay on The History Of Arts And Crafts5478 Words   |  22 Pagesglassblowing, and the making of stained glass, jewellery, and mosaics. Handicrafts as a hobby have become a major industry. There are packaged kits for models of ships, automobiles, airplanes, rockets, military vehicles, human anatomy, birds, and animals; painting; mosaics; needlepoint; embroidery; and crafts that use plastics, wood, leather, textiles, metal, cork, wool, yard goods, and laces. Kits for chemistry, biology, physics, astronomy, and the earth sciences represent the sciences. Some hobbyists reject

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Messi Is the Best Player - 776 Words

What is Islam Islam , [Arab.,=submission to God], world religion founded by the Prophet Muhammad. Founded in the 7th cent., Islam is the youngest of the three monotheistic world religions (with Judaism and Christianity). An adherent to Islam is a Muslim [Arab.,=one who submits]. Believers Worldwide There are more than 1 billion Muslims worldwide, fewer than one fifth of whom are Arab. Islam is the principal religion of much of Asia, including Indonesia (which has the world s largest Muslim population), Malaysia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Jordan, the Arabian Peninsula states, and Turkey. India also has one of the world s largest†¦show more content†¦The importance of the hajj can hardly be overestimated: this great annual pilgrimage unites Islam and its believers from around the world. The ethos of Islam is in its attitude toward Allah: to His will Muslims submit; Him they praise and glorify; and in Him alone they hope. However, in popular or folk forms of Islam, Muslims ask intercession of the saints, prophets, and angels, while preserving the distinction between Creator and creature. Islam views the Message of Muhammad as the continuation and the fulfillment of a lineage of Prophecy that includes figures from the Hebrew Scriptures and the New Testament, notably Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, and Jesus. Islamic law reserves a communal entity status for the ahl al-kitab, People of the Book, i.e., those with revealed religions, including Jews and Christians. Islam also recognizes a number of extra-biblical prophets, such as Hud , Salih , Shuayb , and others of more obscure origin. The chief angels are Gabriel and Michael; devils are the evil jinn. Other Islamic obligations include the duty to commend good andShow MoreRelatedMessi Essay839 Words   |  4 PagesMessi Lionel Andrà ©s Messi (born June 24, 1987 in Rosario) is an Argentine football (soccer) player. Messi is a great player how plays football for a club in Spain called Barcelona . He also played for that team since he was 11 . He’s nationality is Argentina and he used to live there . he was too talented when he was young that’s why many teams needed a player like him thinking of what he could be in the future but most of these teams wasn’t in Argentina so he couldn’t go . Messi had a problemRead MoreResearch Paper On Lionel Messi734 Words   |  3 PagesLionel Messi is an Argentine soccer player who was born in Rosario, Argentina. From growing up with a sickness to becoming the best soccer player in the world, Lionel Messi has worked to become who he is right now. He has strived to be the best player among his many fans and crew. He is a standout amongst the best soccer players. Every now and again he will be viewed as Likewise, the worlds best contemporary player. Lionel Messi is successful and famous because of his work ethic, talent, luck,Read MoreBallon Dor: Cristiano Ronaldo V Lionel Messi1494 Words   |  6 PagesBallon d’Or: Cristiano Ronaldo v Lionel Messi Jose Padilla Ms. Debra Ozolnieks Ballon d’Or: Cristiano Ronaldo v Lionel Messi The world’s most popular sport is soccer, and it is the original Football. It is internationally acknowledged by all classes of society. It comes in different forms: Futsal, which can be played indoor or outdoor and on concrete or wood floors. It only consists of 5 players in each team as opposed to 11 in soccer. There is also beach soccer (beasal) which is played onRead MoreResearch Paper On Lionel Messi938 Words   |  4 Pages Lionel Messi is arguably the greatest soccer player to ever live. His amazing goal-scoring ability has put him on heights players can only dream of. The way he dribbles past his opponents with ease brings fear to his upcoming defenders. Since his spell at FC Barcelona and the Argentinian national team, he has broken and set many world records countless of times, many of which being his own. The little Argentinian is nothing like our world has ever seen and is already considered to be a legend, despiteRead MoreLionel Messi as a Role Model Essay760 Words   |  4 Pagessoccer player is until I saw Lionel Messi for the first time. I saw him play for Argentina and he showed me how great soccer really is. He has a great style of both teamwork and individual skill. The ability he has to keep control of the ball is what made me interested in soccer. Without him, who knows if I would even begin to enjoy soccer. He shows both individual skill and the importance of teamwork. He does not only score a ton of goals, but also gives many assists. Lionel Messi, in my opinionRead MoreLionel Messi vs Cristiano Ronaldo (Comparative Essay)807 Words   |  4 Pagesbeyond the sport.  When the best Spanish teams, FC Barcelona and Real Madrid, meet, the biggest subplot of the match is Lionel Messi vs Cristiano Ronaldo. But the question remains, who is better? You can reach the answer to this question by comparing the two players – Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo – based on shooting and goal-scoring capabilities, and mentality. Goalkeepers constantly have to stop rockets that come their way, but when it comes to shooting, Lionel Messi prefers finesse over bruteRead MoreLionel Messi : The Greatest Footballer Of All Time1496 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Lionel Messi has made the break, he is gonna go for the goal! Lionel Messi shoots and what a fantastic goal†¦There is the whistle Barcelona wins 5-4 to Man City what a fantastic ending.† What would you say to the greatest footballer of all time? Lionel Messi has been an idle for thousands of people and I want to know why. What makes him so good? What is his story? All I know about the man is that he is an amazing football player for one of the best clubs, if not the best, called Barcelona. He participatedRead MoreMessi1222 Words   |  5 PagesOutline Q1) What was Messi’s early life like? * Messi was born on June 24, 1987 in Rosario, Argentina. * He first played soccer at the age of five in a team that practiced near his neighbourhood. * He tried out for River plate F.C but was rejected because he suffered a growth problem caused by his hormones. Q2) What are Messi’s major achievements? * At the age of 21 he received his first Ballon D’Or and fifa player of the Read MoreFootball : The Most Watched Sport2128 Words   |  9 PagesAmerican kids and other players have played soccer in leagues by the time soccer was introduced into the Olympics, but men that wanted to go pro would have to move to Europe to play until 1993 when America’s MLS began. But this article isn’t about the history of soccer. This article is about one of the biggest rivalries in sports history since the question of is Lebron James better than Michael Jordan. The question is who’s the better player: Cristiano Ronaldo or Lionel Messi. Even though they playRead MoreMedia Influence On Sports1347 Words   |  6 Pagesteams and players which increases competitiveness, damages professional relationships, and lowers morals which affects the player’s motivation and skill. When the media begins to make comparisons between athletes and sports teams the competitiveness between them increases. If athletes begin to notice that they are being compared to another athlete, they may become motivated to work harder in order to outdo their opponent. For instance, Cristiano Ronaldo, professional soccer player, is constantly

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Revenue Sharing in Dairy Industry †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Revenue Sharing in Dairy Industry. Answer: Introduction There has been a remarkable evolution in the entertainment industry with the introduction of Video Champ, a movie rental company in Australia. The company is known for offering services that are customer friendly that customers can avail by paying a reasonable fee and at their own disposal. The company believed in sensitive pricing and right customers target for capturing a substantial market share. Video Champ started in early 2000 for acquiring a sizeable portion of the competitive entertainment industry. Through offering made by the company, customers can enjoy and entertain themselves by getting access to a wide range of movies. The company maintains a low operation while satisfying the market demand. The company came into being for meeting the expectations and values of the customers who were not interested in the technological changes taking place overtime but wanted to enhance their movie experience. Therefore, the company made the option of low cost movie viable and convenient for the target customers. At the same time, the company also ensured that they receive positive outcomes. The report here discusses about the importance of business intelligence for Video Champ and the use of sensitivity and pivot tables that ensures effective decision-making. There is however an extensive analysis of role of pivot table in assisting effective decision making in the report. The report also discusses about Blockbuster case study and its failure in the context of supply chain management. Further, there is also elaboration on the benefits of supply chain management for Video Champ. Business Intelligence Business Intelligence is defined by a process that is technology driven and is used for data analysis that enables business managers, corporate executives and other end users to have actionable information so that they are able to make informed business related decisions (Chen, Chiang and Storey 2012). Therefore, to carry out business intelligence activities there are variety of tools, methodologies and applications that enables an organization with collecting data from external sources and internal systems, prepare the data for analysis, run and develop queries against the data, creation of dashboards, data visualizations and reports that helps the operational workers and corporate in easy decision making. Video Champ should undertake business intelligence for its potential benefits. These benefits include accelerated and improved decision-making, optimization of internal business processes and increment of operational efficiency (Tamer et. al 2013). Introducing business intelligence might also drive in more revenues and enable the company to have a competitive advantage against any existing business rivals. Further, business intelligence will also help Video Champ identify trends in the market and identify the problems related to the business that be addressed accordingly. There is a common trend that the assumptions and values of the parameter of any particular model undergoes changes overtime and can have errors. Thus, the analysis done for the investigation of these errors and changes and their impacts on the conclusion drawn referred to as Sensitivity Analysis (Tian 2013). This analysis is not only easy to perform but also easy to communicate and understand. This technique commonly used to support effective decision-making. This technique applies to parameters that are mostly uncertain like technology, productivity, cost and price. In this context, sensitivity analysis applied more effectively for making recommendations and decisions. Thus, in case of uncertain parameter sensitivity analysis used for deriving information on: The level of robustness of the optimal solution in comparison to the different values of the parameter The circumstances responsible for the change of optimal solution The level of bad decision-making provided decision makers ignore the changed circumstances and stuck to the previous optimal strategy. The pivot table on the other hand is a tool used for summarization of data found in many applications of data visualization that mainly uses data from database or worksheet/spreadsheet. The tools used in Pivot mainly counts, sorts, totals and averages the data that is stored in a spreadsheet or table. The result displayed through a representation known as Pivot Table that presents the summarized data (Dierenfeld and Merceron 2012). There are three key reasons for using the Pivot table: The data is summarized in a understandable and compact format Ensures finding a relationship in data The data is organized in a format and is easy to chart Role of Pivot Table for Assisting Effective Decision Making Analysis tools have become an essential part of the any companys software as they enable in effective decision-making. Today, most companies operate on big data and therefore it becomes increasingly difficult for management, analysis and use for extract, transform and load (ETL) cycle. However, proper decision making on the data retrieval procedures can increase the companys overall performance (Saaty and Peniwati 2013). Thus, there is a huge rush of big data in most of the companies through tracking activities like social marketing, sales, customer care, sales and web traffic. However, this data needs analysis through efficient and quick tools, as they become the driving force in running the companys business and ensure effective decision-making. In this respect, the Pivot Table is the most commonly used technique for effective data analysis compared to data grids and excel sheet tables. This is because pivot table is not only compact but presents data in a more readable format (Manya et.al 2012). With this particular table, the companies can not only see relationships, trends, and opportunities but also proceed in the right way for effective decision-making. The table also provides a completely fresh approach towards navigation of data thereby helping the user for slicing data in a faster and efficient manner as compared to traditional methods of complicated manipulation. The use of pivot table the reby ensures managers to have a birds eye view of the daily proceedings of the company. This might be the case that this technique might not solve every problem but can certainly empower the company with effective decision-making based on data and thereby increase its overall visibility. Video Champ has used this pivot table technique to analyze its sales in the four quarters of 2015 and 2016. Thus, through the table one can find that first quarter (Q1) of sales amounting to $ 97,300 was greater than the sales of the first quarter of 2016 that amounted to $95,110. Then, in the second quarter (Q2) the sales of 2015 that is $ 92185 was greater than 2016 that was $89307.50. The third quarter (Q3) sales of 2015 were also greater than 2016. However, one can see a gradual shift in the fourth quarter (Q4) that counted for greater sales in 2016 compared to 2015. The sales volume of 2016 was $109,880.00 and that of 2015 remained $107,500.00. Therefore, company took some effective decisions based on the sales volume of the various quarters of 2015 that led to an increase in sales in the fourth quarter of 2016. Blockbuster Case Study and its Failure in the context of Supply Chain Management Supply chain management (SCM) deals with the supervision of the information, materials and finances as the company moves in process from supplier to manufacturer to wholesaler, retailer and to the consumer. The process involves coordination and integration of these flows within and amongst companies (Qian et.al 2013). However, the ultimate focus of an effective supply chain management is to ensure reduction of inventory. Previously, after the release of a movie it would initially play in theatre and then be released on a videotape to be available in rental outlets or stores. Due to the high rental prices, initially most of the tapes would experience a drive towards the rental market. Eventually when the price dropped, the distributors would put the movie up for sale. This gave birth to Blockbuster Inc, a rental outfit. However, with the emergence of availability on movies on DVD things took a drastic change. In the present scenario, the DVDs for the retail as well as rental have a simultaneous release. This implies that Blockbuster must compete with the present market scenario to get a substantial hold. Moreover, the supply chain for the retail side is simple as DVDs goes through quality packing, picking and ship processes before they reach the shelves. Compared to this, there are additional steps involved in rentals that include printing an insert that is store specific, then placing the insert in the outer sleeve in a lockable case produced separately and then transferring the DVD from its original packing to the new case (Lo and Naraharisetti 2013). The entire process done under tight schedules so that they reach the store in a time that coincides with the release dates of the movies. Sometimes, Blockbuster faced difficulties in following the innumerable steps to keep up in the supply chain and maintain pace with its competitors. Moreover, the volatility of demand gave blockbuster additional challenges in terms of labor supply. Although the company tried to solve the problem with temporary workers but it eventually its cost increased as they had to provide training on a short notice. The company however responded to the challenges with a new approach that involved repackaging their DVDs. The initial rental boxes were replaces by lockable cases. Moreover, the company also resorted to technology for cutting down its costs (Gershon 2013). The company installed five high-speed machines at the sole distribution centers for automating the process of opening the case, inserting disks and thereby applying and printing store labels. In spite of all the changes made, the company could not compete with the emerging challenges of the 21st century and had to undertake a constant struggle with its competitors. However, the companys decline attributed to the increased competition that it faced from the media entertainment industry. Then there were technological advances that changed the scenario of the industry in addition to the changing preferences of the consumers. The Company also could not keep pace with the rapid growth of the new competitors and economic environment that persisted generally (Davis and Higgins 2013). In addition to this, the companys progress hindered by the increased level of debt incurred during times when the company had lower competition and higher performance. Importance of SCM for Video Champ The supply chain management (SCM) is important as it plays a key role in dealing with the complexity of growth in present days global supply chain. The supply chain management has undergone a evolution from manual and mechanized optimization to an automated, digital and modern coordination and integration of elements of the supply chain. The process not only optimizes but also facilitates flow of information, products and finances. This in a way is enabling companies in the creation of relationship values that increases business efficiency on an overall basis (Monczka et. al 2015). Therefore, it is necessary for Video Champ to follow an effective supply chain management to ensure efficiency in business. Further, the impact of the supply chain management enhanced if the company goes through the following steps: Bullwhip effect refers to the fluctuations of smaller size on the demand side occurring at the downstream end of supply chain that causes huge variations to upstream suppliers. This leads to ineffective and bloated supply chain that causes accumulation of inventory (Jaipuria and Mahapatra 2014). Thus, in order to ensure supply chain efficiency there is a need to reduce the bullwhip effect. This strategies that help in reducing the effect are as follows: Ensuring Effective Collaboration with Suppliers and Customers: Better collaboration with the customers and suppliers ensures efficiency in supply chain. Improvement of Forecast Accuracy: Even if a company focuses on being more demand driven it is still important to have accuracy in forecasting a plan regarding the in house promotions, products and new customers. Enabling Quicker Decisions with Better Visibility and Insight: An effective supply chain management enables a company to get better insight and visibility. Adoption of Supply Chain Management Approach that is Demand Driven: Company must follow a demand driven supply chain management since it is the most efficient in reducing the effect. Supply Chain Planning refers to a component in the supply chain management that helps in the prediction of requirements for future in order to balance demand and supply. Thus, a company must ensure an effective supply chain planning for better efficiency. Improves Supply Chain Visibility Visibility refers to the information about the stock of inventory at present. This information allows one to take actionable steps along the supply chain. The accuracy of information about the visibility not only improves the process but also helps in removing any redundancies. The steps that helps in improving the visibility of the supply chain: Opening the lines of communication between all the parties involved Trusting the partners Investing in technology Setting the key performance indicators Knowing the customers well Identifying the improvements in business process and cost savings. The Supply chain execution system refers to the means of managing items of the supply chain and thereby ensuring where they need categorizing. In the present scenario, with the emergence of technology, many enterprises makes use of software that have components of supply chain execution system that helps in better handling of supply chains. Thus, this system is important for companies to ensure effective management of supply chain. Conclusion The report here concludes with the importance of introducing supply chain management for Video Champ. A vivid elaboration describes why supply chain management is important for enhancing business efficiency. The report also gives a description about the failure of Blockbuster in the context of supply chain management. There is also discussion about the importance of business intelligence for the given company and the necessity to use pivot table and sensitivity analysis for data. Further, there is vivid description about the role of the pivot table in effective decision-making. In the report, there is also discussion about the company background and its purpose. References: Chen, H., Chiang, R.H. and Storey, V.C., 2012. Business intelligence and analytics: From big data to big impact. MIS quarterly, 36(4). Davis, T. and Higgins, J., 2013. A Blockbuster Failure: How an Outdated Business Model Destroyed a Giant. Dierenfeld, H. and Merceron, A., 2012. Learning analytics with excel pivot tables. Gershon, R.A., 2013. A case study analysis of eastman kodak and blockbuster Inc. Media Management and Economics Research in a Transmedia Environment, Routledge, New York, NY, pp.46-68 Jaipuria, S. and Mahapatra, S.S., 2014. An improved demand forecasting method to reduce bullwhip effect in supply chains. Expert Systems with Applications, 41(5), pp.2395-2408. Lo, A.W. and Naraharisetti, S.V., 2013. New Financing Methods in the Biopharma Industry: A Case Study of Royalty Pharma, Inc. Manya, A., Braa, J., verland, L.H., Titlestad, O.H., Mumo, J. and Nzioka, C., 2012. National roll out of District Health Information Software (DHIS 2) in Kenya, 2011Central server and Cloud based infrastructure. In IST-Africa 2012 Conference Proceedings (Vol. 5). Monczka, R.M., Handfield, R.B., Giunipero, L.C. and Patterson, J.L., 2015. Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Qian, G.X., Zhang, Y.P., Wu, J.G. and Pan, Y.H., 2013. Revenue Sharing in Dairy Industry Supply Chain-A Case Study of Hohhot, China. Journal of Integrativ Saaty, T.L. and Peniwati, K., 2013. Group decision making: drawing out and reconciling differences. RWS publications. Tamer, C., Kiley, M., Ashrafi, N. and Kuilbar, J., 2013. Risk and benefits of business intelligence in the cloud. In Northeast Decision Sciences Institute Annual Meeting Proceedings (pp. 86-95). Tian, W., 2013. A review of sensitivity analysis methods in building energy analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 20, pp.411-419.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Synaptic

Introduction This assignment is a case study on the importance of a cohesive organizational culture. The case study is based on a San Diego based organization called Synaptic, which is faced with management challenges.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Synaptic specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The challenges have led to poor working relationship between two key departments, namely the Information Management (IM) and computational scientists departments. The main cause of the misunderstanding is poor organizational culture; which does not promote cohesiveness and harmony between various organizational departments. As a consultant, I would recommend that the organization adopts a cohesive organizational culture and reduces the centers of power. Discussion Organizational Culture An organization is a group of people who work together with coordinated efforts to achieve certain objectives or goals. Organizational g oals and objectives are of various categories and it is this variation of the goals and objectives which classify organization into three main categories namely profit-making, service-based and social responsibility based organization. Organizational culture is a very important aspect in any organization which aspires to realize its vision and mission. The reason is that organizational culture determines whether the organization is able to work together towards the realization of its vision.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Organizational culture is closely related to organizational structure in that the manner in which decisions are made by the top management influences the relationship between the top management and the other employees, which consequently determines the culture of the organization (Project management institute, 2013, p.78). Organizational culture is le arned implicitly through interactions within an organizational setting. The employees learn it through imitating other employees. This imitation happens unconsciously due to the human instinct to adopt behaviors which make him or her fit in the social environment which he or she finds himself or herself in. Through communication and interaction with each other, employees come up with unique ways of relating to each other as they go about their duties. Employees also learn organizational culture through conditioning and reinforcement. If for instance, a certain behavior is rewarded by the management of an organization, the employees tend to perfect that behavior which eventually becomes part of their culture (Project management institute, 2013, p.78). Likewise, if a certain behavior is negatively sanctioned by the management, then the employees will tend to avoid it, thus becoming one of the don’ts in the organization.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample o n Synaptic specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A strong organizational culture is found in organizations where the employees are committed to their work and discharge their duties with little or no supervision while a weak organizational culture is found in organizations where the employees have little commitment to their duties and are closely supervised so as to discharge their duties effectively. Organizations vary greatly in terms of their mission, vision, objectives, resource base philosophy and coverage. Due to this, each and every organization must cultivate a culture which is unique to itself so as to achieve its mission and objectives. This means that what may be considered as values or norms in one organization may not be considered as such in another organization. However, despite these variations and differences, there is importance of having a cohesive organizational culture regardless of the organizational structure, missio n and objectives. Why Synaptic Needs a Cohesive Organizational Culture One reason is because organizations are managed by people for the benefit of people. All employees in all organizations are social beings complete with needs, feelings and emotions. In many countries for instance, it is almost impossible to separate personal life and work among employees, which calls for an integration of employees lives with their work environment so as to make work both satisfying and enjoyable as well as a means of realizing happiness and fulfillment in one’s life (Heldman, 2011, p.37). But what is a cohesive organizational culture? Many organizational researchers agree that a cohesive organizational culture is one in which all members of an organization hold to similar beliefs and values which glue them together as an organization.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These beliefs and values may be implicit or explicit to the organization. In this kind of a culture, what matters most is the commitment of each and every member of the organization to these beliefs and values (Keshavarzi, 2007, p.152). For example, an organization may value hard work, honesty and teamwork and believe in transparency, utmost good faith, ethics and morality. A cohesive organizational culture has got many benefits. One benefit is that it leads to high motivation among the employees because they share common beliefs and values. When employees are highly motivated, there is minimal use of resources in their supervision which in turn increases their productivity because to them, what matters most is the good of the organization as a whole but not personal good. Another benefit of cohesive organizational culture is that it facilitates the alignment of organizations for the achievement of their objectives, mission and vision without much difficulty. The reason is that the employees are not only fully aware of the mission, vision and objectives, but have also internalized them, thus making them to work hard to achieve them. This makes them more motivated to accomplish the set organizational goals, targets or objectives. Strong organizational culture also boosts organizational efficiency because of the internalization of what is required of each and every employee. The sharing of values and beliefs creates a good working environment free from any kind of confusion, ambiguity or lack of understanding among the employees, which apart from increasing efficiency also saves on time wasted when things seem not to move in the right direction because the employees are able and free to consult each other without the fear of victimization or intimidation especially by the senior managers. Employees also portray good behavior at work because they know what is right to be done and what is not right. Furthermore, strong organizational culture leads to cohesion amon g various departments of an organization which leads to harmonization of all organizational procedures, policies and practices in each and every department. This cohesion leads to proper utilization of organizational resources without sabotage as well as sound, logical and relevant polices on how to coordinate organizational activities in a manner that would maximize the organizations’ chances of realizing their mission and vision. Cohesion among various organizational departments also leads to the sharing of information by various departments which increases the employees’ levels of understanding of how various departments work. This is very important because it enables employees to multitask, especially in times when staffs in some departments are not available. For example, the understanding of administrative issues in the organization by the head of accounting department may make him or her work on behalf of the head of the administration department when he or she is not present. Strong organizational culture enhances control, good coordination and consistency within an organization. The reason is that the employees and the management are in good terms and thus are able to agree informally on various procedures and practices without compromising the quality of services offered. This saves on time because employees implement the changes which they find necessary without having to wait for bureaucratic board meetings and discussions to approve even the slightest change in procedures or practices. Lastly, not the least, cohesive organizational culture enhances teamwork, group leadership and collaboration of the employees in various tasks. This is of crucial importance to organizations because it opens the room for employees’ creativity, innovativeness and openness to positive criticism which makes work not only enjoyable, but also enriched with a multiplicity of ideas. This, in turn, leads to increased achievement levels by the organizati on as opposed to situations in which employees’ creativity and innovativeness are not entertained by the management of the organizations. Conclusion As a consultant, therefore, I would advise the top management to ensure that all members of the organization are working towards the same goal. I would also recommend that the organization reduces the centers of power. Based on the organizational chart, it is evident that the organization has many centers of power and that is why there is poor coordination of the departments. If for example, the organization could have just one director in charge of information and communication technology, then the wrangles witnessed before would not happen again. For the organization to solve the problem once and for all, therefore, it needs to embrace cohesiveness and have few centers of power. References Heldman, K. (2011). PMP Project Management Professional exam study guide, (6th ed.). Indianapolis, IN: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Keshavarzi, H. A. (2007). The effect of organizational culture on knowledge sharing behaviourin the auto industry in Iran. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, London, UK: Aston University. Project Management Institute. (2013). A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK Guide) (5th ed.). Newton Square, PA: Project Management Institute. This case study on Synaptic was written and submitted by user F1sher to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Property Management Systems (Hospitality Industry)

Introduction Property Management Systems (PMSs) are essential tools in the hospitality industry. Hospitality industry is complex and has numerous challenges. Reservations, customer care and administration of hotels and resorts offer challenges that the management must confront in order to attain customer satisfaction, productivity and profitability of the establishments (O’Connor, 2004).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Property Management Systems (Hospitality Industry) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For this reason, PMSs are devised to manage the operations that take place in the complex hotel and resort environments. Therefore, PMS is an investment option that firms in the hospitality industry must implement. Technological developments have made various types of PMSs available for hotels at low prices (Deakin, 2004). This paper explores the functions, importance and structure of PMSs. In additi on, it includes a SWOT analysis of the use of PMSs in the hospitality industry. Finally, it considers some of the financial considerations that firms in the hospitality industry should consider before they integrate PMS systems in the management of their establishments. The paper focuses on hotels and resorts. Property Management Systems (PMSs) A property management system is software that computerizes the operations of resorts, restaurants, hotels and casinos. The automation of operations in these establishments includes the integration of back and front office activities and applications to enable full control of the entire establishments. A fully functional PMS system should be able to incorporate all value-chain parts within the establishment’s business network into one functional storage area (Ismail, 2002). Property Management Systems (PMSs) are significant components of business oversight mechanisms, and assist the management to oversee the operational activities of es tablishments (Bhattacharya, 2009). A PMS is a vital component of a firm’s decision assembly process. It is a group of application programs that are related directly to front and back office activities of hotels. Notably, the main activities that PMS deals with in hotel management include revenue, guest relationships and reservation management. Others are check-in and checkout, room condition and folio management. Consequently, PMS collects vital amounts of information that management can use to improve tactical, strategic and operational decisions. The management can also collect data from other sources due to the use of PMS. The management can obtain more data through customer relationships, electronic point of sales at outlets, the internet via hotels website or through loyalty programs (Karolin Hilary, 2011).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, PMS assi st in data management. Data management is of significant importance to the customer who seeks services and to the management of the hotel. In the hospitality industry, it is crucial for the hotel to know its customers. Moreover, the knowledge of customers is crucial as it is expressly related to the responsiveness of the customers. The PMS is the core data infrastructure for hotels and resorts. The PMS handles the management of all guests in the hotel, their profiles and check-in. Additionally, PMS handles the stay of customers in the hotel and the revenue generated in the hotel. Finally, PMS assists the management to coordinate the relationship the business has with clients and vendors. It enables the management to abide by laws and regulations that direct business and customers’ relationships (Berezina, 2010). Currently, many hotels worldwide use property management systems. This shows that many organizations have recognized the benefits of property management systems (Hart , Barinedum Benjamin, 2010). However, some organizations have not included the use of the software in management of their establishments. Such organizations have not determined the benefits of data in the formulation of business strategies. They have not determined the amount of data, associated with customers and management, obtainable from PMS and applicable in improvement of profitability and efficiency of their hotels. Structure and Complex Nature of Hotels and Resorts The overall structure of a hotel determines the management’s capability, the integration of technology in management of the hotel and the distribution of data in the hotel. Therefore, the organizational structure has a significant impact on the successful use of technology and information. The functional structures of many hotels are hierarchical. A full service hotel has numerous functional departments that include rooms, food preparation, sales and promotion, human resources, secretarial and public relat ions departments (Karolin Hilary, 2011). Hence, a functional management system that promotes efficiency is necessary. Efficient management of daily operational duties involved in management of a hotel is vital. Inefficient control of these daily operational activities can significantly affect services offered to guests and revenue collected by the hotel. Often, general managers have to invest much time and effort to gain functional control. However, business problems that hotels normally have in their daily operations usually have short lead periods.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Property Management Systems (Hospitality Industry) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These problems have to be solved within the shortest time possible. This presents problems to general managers. They cannot effectively address service-centered issues that occur spontaneously and at the same time focus on coordination of var ious departments of the hotel. Attempts by the general managers to address all these issues leads to decline in quality of standards of service delivery (WebRezPro, 2012). Therefore, guest service and hotel’s revenue can be easily compromised due to inefficient control of daily operational duties. Hotels require extraordinary level of interdepartmental cooperation to provide guest service of high quality. Organizational structures that many hotels use foster effectiveness within each unit of the hotel (Karadag Dumanoglu, 2009). However, such functional structures are weak in coordination of activities between the departments. It can take general managers a lot of time to supervise all the daily operational activities. In contrast, that should not be the case, since a resourceful administrator is also accountable for the profitability of the hotel. These complications necessitate the use of property management systems in hotels. Technical Complications in Hotels and Resorts H otels are technological units. Guests in hotels expect services of high quality within a short time. Additionally, they expect to receive access to internet, computers, entertainment systems and other appliances that are of high technology. The lobbies of many hotels have self check-in features and point of sale systems. Moreover, conference facilities are computerized and have projectors, computer stations, sound systems and technology that enable guests to hold video conferences (WebRezPro, 2012). Other technological features that modern hotels have include credit card terminals, customer management systems, online check-in systems and revenue management systems among others. These systems must interrelate to ensure that efficiency in operations is attained. Thus, the central reservation system has to align walk-ins and online reservations with telephone orders automatically (WebRezPro, 2012).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Implementation of a technology that can accomplish all these tasks efficiently is expensive. However, the benefit that it offers to the hotel is greater than its cost. These benefits justify the need for property management systems in management of hotels and resorts. A Comprehensive and Efficient Property Management System The use of PMS in the hospitality industry should increase efficiency in operations. Originally, PMSs were used in management of guest check-ins and checkouts, room management and reserves. Through the provision of these tasks, PMSs have ensured that there is no disorganization, inefficiency and inaccuracy in management (Brooks, 1999). However, the hospitality industry continues to be more complex. Therefore, a standard PMS must interface with other systems used by the management. It should have one platform that enables hotel staff to make updates and track changes and information (Bardi, 2011). Therefore, a standard PMS must have some basic properties or qualit ies. The PMS should be an intelligible, adaptable, strategic and a cutting-edge system. An Intelligible System The designs and functionality of PMSs have substantially improved, as they became fundamental parts of hotels. A PMS has to be user friendly. Hotel staff, including new staff, should be able to use the systems without difficulty. A standard PMS must have a logical navigation arrangement and a user interface that is streamlined (WebRezPro, 2012). A standard system used in the hospitality industry has to be flexible and accommodative. Moreover, it must allow collection of comprehensive, accessible and accurate data (Amizawati, Nik Muslim, 2010). Thus, it should allow staff to make accurate reports and manage accounts properly. Ultimately, a superior PMS system for the hospitality industry must improve guest service and increase revenue collection. A Strategic System PMSs enhance data collection and improve reports’ credibility and hotel’s relationship with cust omers. Furthermore, a PMS improves a hotel’s revenue control abilities. Reports are critical in the determination of appropriate strategies to be implemented in a hotel. A superior PMS has to be a strategic system (WebRezPro, 2012). It has to assist in the formulation of strategies such as channel supervision strategies. At the same time, it must improve a guest’s experience in a facility. Thus, an appropriate PMS should customize the stay of a guest in a hotel. In addition, it should enable development of e-promotion strategies. E-promotion strategies can be developed through the use of business intelligence gear and analytics. This can be done based on information collected by the PMS. An Adaptable System Operational and management efficiency is essential in both small and large hotels and resorts. Therefore, a PMS must balance with the amenities and size of an establishment. A small establishment may require a PMS that covers room reservations and online orders only . On the other hand, a hotel that has worldwide operations needs a PMS that manages various activities. Therefore, a PMS has to be adaptable to changes that take place in a business (WebRezPro, 2012). All businesses aim to grow. A small hotel must have a PMS that it adaptable to improvements in size, services and activities as it grows to become a large hotel. A property management system has to cater for hotels and resorts of different types and must not compromise efficiency (Amizawati, Nik Muslim, 2010). Finally, due to technological improvements, a PMS should enable centralized management of international hotels and resorts via a single database. This assists to smooth out activities across the entire group. A Cutting-Edge System Currently, the number of people who make online orders in hotels is high. Therefore, hotels and resorts must have websites. However, websites alone are not enough to improve efficiency. The websites must be linked to PMS to improve management and opera tions of hotels and resorts (Abhishek, 2008). Therefore, online orders made by customers must be automatically recorded in a hotel reservation records. The PMS should also be connected to third party service providers like tour agencies. Moreover, it should allow the use of mobile phones to make reservations. Integration of PMS with Property Management Enablers Integration of PMS with property-based applications in the hospitality industry is vital in improvement of functionality and benefits of PMS. Many organizations that have not integrated the PMS systems with essential applications suffer from misalignment hence inefficiency in management of the properties. Hotels can use Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) or standard-based integration to improve integration of PMSs and property-based applications (Cunnane, 2010). These two methods can assist hotels to integrate PMSs and management applications while at the same time reduce information technology related complexities. Integrat ion of PMSs with customer touch-points and operational modules is essential to operational and customer success in the industry. The major applications that hotels should integrate with the PMSs include revenue management systems, central reservation systems, customer relationship systems and inventory management systems among others. The integration of PMSs with these management applications indicate that focus in the hospitality industry shifts towards customer satisfaction (O’Connor, 2004). This further shows that PMSs are vital in attainment of customer satisfaction in the hospitality industry. Revenue Management Revenue Management Applications enable hotels to determine the suitable rates after the hotels have managed numerous occupancy scenarios. Integration of revenue management applications in the PMS enables hotels to increase gross margins. In addition, integration of revenue management applications in PMSs enables hotels to determine the proper pricing strategies. PMSs must enable formulation of pricing strategies that are based on customer trends, demand and competitive tactics (Cunnane, 2010). This is only possible if revenue management applications are integrated in the PMSs. Inventory Management Resorts and hotels must combine demand sensitivity analysis and inventory visibility. This assists them to maintain a balance in diversely priced inventory. Balance in diversely priced inventory enables hotels to offer discounts in overstock circumstances or charge higher prices when demand increases. Therefore, it is essential to integrate inventory management applications in PMSs. Through integration of an inventory management application into a PMS, a hotel can monitor and manage inventory levels effectively. The management can then use the PMS to forecast demand and make replenishments. Inventory management in hotels through PMS enables management of room availability. Moreover, a PMS that incorporates inventory management application optimize s other activities done in the hotel like food and beverage activities and tidiness (Cunnane, 2010). Customer Loyalty Hotels and resorts must integrate customer fidelity applications into PMSs. Loyalty applications allow hotels to utilize customer information to cross-sell services and goods based on the behavior of customers. Integration of loyalty applications in PMSs enables hotel employees to determine the expectations of customers since they access information on customers. This assists hotels to reduce costs associated with implementation of customer acquisition strategies (Cunnane, 2010). Customer Relationship Management Integration of customer relationship applications into PMSs is highly essential. The integration of customer fidelity applications into PMSs enables hotels to use PMSs to develop personalized direct promotions strategies (Cunnane, 2010). Thus, hotels are able to use PMSs to send emails and make SMS offers to customers. The integration of customer relationship applications into the PMSs enables a hotel to use one record of a customer across the entire hotel. Furthermore, it allows the hotel to update a customer’s profile based on behavior patterns. SWOT Analysis of Property Management Systems in Hospitality Industry A SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis is a framework with which an organization can use to formulate a promotion strategy. It entails the establishment of strengths and weaknesses that an organization has. Additionally, in entails establishment of opportunities and threats that the same organization faces. Therefore, SWOT analysis reveals opportunities for development and vulnerabilities. It considers both internal and external changes in the environment of an organization. Strength is an organization’s resource or capacity that can be used to enable the organization to attain its objectives. Strength denotes the capacities that an organization has over its competitors. The use of pr operty management systems in a hotel provides the hotel with added advantages over competitors. Hotels that use property management systems are more efficient in their operational and management activities (Ljubica, 2012). Property management systems enable hotels to manage efficiently activities such as reservations, check-ins and checkouts, online orders and maintenance. Moreover, the use of PMS in a hotel improves collection of data on customers. The information can then be used to develop promotional strategies. The integration of management applications such as revenue, inventory and customer fidelity applications into the PMSs improves operational and management efficiency in hotels. Therefore, an organization that uses PMS in management of the entire establishment has competitive advantages over an organization that does not use a PMS (Bilgihan, Okumus, Khaldoon David, 2011). Weaknesses refer to limitations, faults or defects that an organization has, and that limit an organ ization’s ability to attain set objectives. They are the factors that the organization must overcome to be ahead of competitors. The organization must hide these defects and limitations from competitors. The use of PMS in hotels has certain limitations. Virus attack on computers can adversely affect the performance of property management systems. A virus attack on a hotel’s property management system can lead to loss of vital data. This can lead to rise of inefficiency in management of the hotel. Additionally, power failure may make staff to retype information previously typed. The same can affect a customer who was in the process of making an online reservation. This can demoralize the staff and irritate the customer. Finally, the other weakness is that some hotel employees do not know how to use the systems. The hotel also has to spend so much money to train staff on how to use the PMS. An opportunity in SWOT analysis is a favorable condition in an organizationâ€⠄¢s environment. An opportunity is normally a change or trend that can result into increased demand of an organization’s services or products. Opportunities enhance an organization’s position in the market or industry. The use of PMS enhances the position of hotels in the hospitality industry. Technological improvements like mobile technology can improve the position that a hotel holds in the hospitality industry. Such technological improvements can enhance the functionality of PMS. Hotels that use PMSs can take advantage of technological improvements to increase competitiveness (Bhattacharya, 2009). Moreover, technologically improved PMS assists hotels to reduce operational costs, increase revenue collection, monitor customer loyalty and devise promotion strategies. Cloud computing also presents an opportunity to hotels that use PMS. In SWOT analysis, threats are unfavorable conditions in an organization’s environment. Threats are conditions that can damage the strategies that the organization had adopted. They are constraints, barriers or external conditions that have the capacity to hamper an organization’s business activity. The use of PMS in management of hotels faces some threats. The competitors of a hotel can present stiff competition through implementation of hi-tech PMS. This can result into a reduction in the number of customers of a hotel. The hotel may not be able to acquire such hi-tech PMS hence the competitor’s PMS is a threat. Another threat can be the high cost required to train staff on how to use PMS system. A hotel can install a PMS to enhance the management of the hotel. However, it can be extremely costly to train the entire staff on usage of the system. Therefore, it brings about financial threat to the hotel. Considerations to Make In Installation of PMS Backup Power Sources Considerations Blackouts and loss of electricity supply are occurrences that can adversely affect operations of hotels and PMS. The management of a hotel that uses PMS must ensure that backup power supply is available. This can assist to minimize the possibility of data loss in case of sudden loss of electric power supply. Maintenance Agreement Considerations The management of a hotel must ensure that there exists a maintenance agreement before adoption of a PMS system. The agreement must inform the management of the hotel the costs associated with maintenance and repair of the acquired PMS. Financial Considerations The management of a hotel must consider the financial requirements associated with the use of a PMS. The decision to use a PMS in a hotel is an expensive investment decision (Deakin, 2004). The management must carry out a cost and benefit analysis to determine the feasibility of use of the system. The management must first determine the need for a PMS in the hotel. Secondly, the management must determine whether the applications in the PMS match the needs of the hotel. The management must then pr epare a budget that concentrates on the administration of all the units of the hotel. In this way, it is feasible to establish the costs associated with management of each department. Hence, it is possible to establish how much capital can be saved through the introduction of a PMS. The amount that can be saved must equal or be greater than the acquisition costs (Deakin, 2004). Additionally, depreciation rates and maintenance costs must be considered. Finally, a hotel must consider the payback period of the amount spent in the acquisition and installation of PMS. Conclusions Hospitality industry places much focus of daily operational activities on customers. The expectations of guests and their preferences evolve and this presents challenge to hotels and resorts. Therefore, it is critical to include technology in management of hotels and resorts. PMSs enable efficiency in management of hotels and resorts. Hotels and resorts have complex structures and uses of PMSs are essential. A s uperior PMS must include management applications like revenue management applications. The inclusion of these applications in PMSs improves guest experience, revenue collection and operation efficiency. Additionally, a hotel that seeks to install a PMS must conduct a SWOT analysis. The hotel must also consider other factors such as maintenance costs of the system and the financial implications that the system has on the hotel’s finances. Finally, a PMS that a hotel acquires should be a system that is strategic, adaptable and intelligible. References Abhishek, K. D. (2008). Internet service marketing in the hospitality sector – A case study of Vizergy Hotels. Management Science and Engineering, 2(2), 27-30. Amizawati, M., Nik Nazli, A. Muslim Har, M. (2010). An investigation on PMS attributes in service organisations in Malaysia. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 59(8), 734-756. Bardi, A. (2011). Hotel front office management. New Jersey : Wiley. Berezina, K. (2010). Top issues in PCI DSS compliance in hotels: An exploratory study. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 1(3), 218-233. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17579881011078359 Bhattacharya, A. (2009). What are the advantages of Hotel Property Management Software? Retrieved from http://www.articlesbase.com/software-articles/what-are-the-advantages-of-hotel-property-management-software-1061994.html Bilgihan, A, Okumus, F, Khaldoon, N. David, K. (2011). Information technology applications and competitive advantage in hotel companies. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 2(2), 139-153. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17579881111154245 Brooks, R. (1999). From the Hotel Property’s Perspective: The Network Computing Alternative. Retrieved from http://www.hotel-online.com/News/PressReleases1999_2nd/Apr99_PropertyPerspective.html Cunnane, Chris. (2010). Property Management Integration: Redefining the Role of PMS in Hospitality. Retrieved from h ttp://www.tblat.com/facebook/pdf/aberdeenpms.pdf Deakin, M. (2004). Property management: Corporate strategies, financial instruments and the urban environment. Aldershot: Ashgate. Hart, A, Barinedum, N. Benjamin, I. (2010). The uptake of electronic commerce by SMEs: A Meta theoretical framework expanding the determining constructs of tam and toe frameworks. Journal of Global Business and Technology, 6(1), 1-27. Ismail, A. (2002). Front office operations and management. Albany: Delmar. Karadag, E. Dumanoglu, S. (2009). The productivity and competency of information technology in upscale hotels. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 21(4), 479-490. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09596110910955712 Karolin, P. Hilary, M. (2011). An investigation of data management and property management systems in hotels. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 17(1), 101-114. Ljubica, G. (2012). Performance measurement system for process-oriented companies. The Business Review, Cambridge, 19(2), 136-143. O’Connor, P. (2004). Using computers in hospitality. London: Thomson. WebRezPro. (2012). Today’s Hotel PMS: Changing the way hotels do business. Retrieved from http://www.webrezpro.com/whitepaper/2012_02_16-PMS.pdf This research paper on Property Management Systems (Hospitality Industry) was written and submitted by user Raymond T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Letters in the color purple analysis Essay Example

Letters in the color purple analysis Essay Example Letters in the color purple analysis Paper Letters in the color purple analysis Paper the ardour love and passion Shug and Celie will share nor any of the major happenings that are to be the most reminiscent components of the novel. The epistolary, or letter-writing, form of The Color Purple used by Walker is more or less like a diary, since Celie tells her story through private letters that she writes to God. Therefore this allows cellie to express everything that happens and everything she feels with complete candor and honesty. As a victim of an abusive life Celie is forced to live a life of complete disfranchisement and so these letters allow her feelings to be expressed without filtering . Walkers use of Celies own voice allow Walker to describe the life of black women in the south in a sympathetic and realistic way. Unlike how a historian might explain these living conditions which is in an overly antiseptic and overly -analytical way, Celies letters offers a first-person view of these conditions of sexism, incest, and racism. Her words might seem a little senseless and stripped off excess emotion but still seem to reach the readers hearts  we seem to believe that Celie has been numbed and cannot feel the pain the way it should be felt. my mama dead. She die screaming and cussing. She scream at me she cuss at me I think Walker was very successful at this since the reader is left with a multitude of emotions and feelings after reading every letter and being continuously true and corporeal from the beginning to the end.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Foundation Built Natural Environment Coursework

Foundation Built Natural Environment - Coursework Example There are two separate departments in the local council that process building warrants and planning permissions (Glover, 2009, pp.17-19). Difference between Building and Planning Control Building Control is the process done by the local council to ensure that properties meet the set legal standards in building works. These regulations are in place to guarantee the durability and safety of every construction. Sometimes, these standards are modified from time to time. For example, generally, building standards are more lax in south England compared to north Scotland. This is due to the harshness of weather in the latter. On the other hand, Planning Control is the process done by the local council to decide whether a construction is acceptable. Aspects such as local preferences and needs, smell, sound, and sight are taken into account before any permission is granted (Glover, 2009, pp.26-27). Building Warrant A Building Warrant is issued as a legal permission to start any construction o r demolition of a property or building. This warrant is granted upon meeting the set legal standards of Building Control. It is a common yet inaccurate belief that Building Warrants are only necessary for structural changes. On the contrary, Building Warrants ensure that the minimum standards for the convenience, interest, protection, and health of the people inside and outside the property or building are met. ... g Warrant is not called for, compliance with the set legal building standards must be carried out, unless the nature of alteration is â€Å"like for like.† (Glover, 2009, pp.31-33) Planning Permission Planning Permissions are different from Building Warrants. They are required in land development plans that are usually comprised of changes of use for, or expansions, of properties. Planning permissions are also at times required for works to trees, listed building consent, demolitions within conservation areas, and outside advertisements. If the alterations are internal, such as the case in most private homes, they do not require Planning Permissions as some of these works are considered â€Å"permitted developments† or are not seen as â€Å"developments.† Although most do not apply to subdivided or flatted residential properties, planning legislation set the requirements for â€Å"permitted developments.† In any case, one should be aware that Building Warr ants may still be required for internal developments or expansions that do not require Planning Permissions (Glover, 2009, p.38). Application for a Building Warrant Building Control surveyors are part of the local council that are in charge of processing Building Warrants. An applicant should fill out application forms and pay the corresponding Building Warrant fee. Details of proposed work should come as an attachment to the application. Fees are based on the estimated cost of the expansion, development, or demolition. Applications are assessed based on the existing building policies and standards, and could take up around three weeks before the issuance of a Building Warrant. Building Control department should be informed when the work will start, and upon satisfactory completion, a surveyor will check the work for the

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Business plan for a start-up ( Financial data) Literature review

Business plan for a start-up ( Financial data) - Literature review Example With god business plan, the future of the business is certain and all future occurrences will be met with certainty. For a stat-up business, plan is used by business to determine its future survival and viability. Businesses cannot run effectively without a plan. Most plan make assumptions about the future. Any assumption made should be made with great caution as failure for the assumption to hold, the whole plan might be jeopardized. A successful business plan should be prepared based on past experiences fact and empirical data. It requires lo of expertise to prepare a concrete plan for a start-up business that has no past records experience. This paper will focus on the financial side of a business plan by reviewing overall financial records for all industries that are components of a plan. The financial plan of a start-up business will be based on the size of the proposed business. This means that it will rely mainly on assumptions. Analysis will be done o the future cash flows, i ncomes and expenses, balance sheet, capital, profitability and financial ratio analysis. The major assumption that will be used in the plan will be: The prevailing market and economic conditions prevail. Methodology The plan will be prepared based on projection of financial statements. ... According to Lemieux (2013), The various parameters that have taken into consideration for evaluation of the net income of the firms are the general, selling and administrative expenses, depreciation, regulatory expense, insurance costs of the company, rental charges to be paid for the establishment of the business, cost of advertising, utility bills, etc (Lemieux, 2013, p.39). These expenses are adjusted to the gross earnings to form the net earnings of the company. The net earnings of the company are important for the calculation of the net operating cash flows. The net operating cash flow has been forecasted to be 35500 pounds which is expected to increase gradually in the next two years. There are investment cash flows for firms which would involve cash outflows for purchase of fixed assets of the company and other capital expenditures. The cash out flows on account of investment activity of the business is valued at 16250 pounds. The investment activities are expected to increas e in the first three years as the business would focus on increasing their market share. The cash outflows due to financing activities would be due to the interest payment for the debt incurred from the bank and the interest paid to the creditors. The cash outflow for financing activities of the business would be 15650 pounds that is anticipated to increase in the next two years. The net cash flows for the business have been forecasted to be 3600 pounds which is expected to increase by 10% in the next two years as shown in Table 4 in the Appendix. Uses of the data The profit and loss statement and the balance sheet have been forecasted as a part of the business plan and have been presented in Table 2 and Table 3 respectively in the

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Penquins Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Penquins - Research Paper Example Penguins are of the Spheniscinae and have about 20 different types. These types all share the same features but vary by small changes in traits. When you see a bird fly in the air the look is similar to the way a penguin is able to swim in the water. The penguins are great swimmers and are graceful in the water. Their specific traits such as the look of their wings make it easy for them to swim. The wings of the penguins have a shape that looks similar to the fin of a dolphin or seal. Penguins have very distinctive mating habits. Unlike other species, the penguins have a switched role when it comes to carrying for offspring. The female and male penguins are very selective when choosing a mate and typically mate for life. Once a female penguin lays an egg, the male cares for the egg and keeps it warm. While the male is carrying for the egg the female goes out in search of food for when the egg hatches. Penguins are very unique birds and are amazing to study. Their habits and ways of life are interesting and explain a lot about their characteristic. Studying penguins shows how determined and caring there species can

Friday, November 15, 2019

Fashion Essays Fashion Industry

Fashion Essays Fashion Industry For individuals who work in the fashion industry, it is a profession in itself as well as a personal interest. Topic The importance of fashion in our daily lives is a given. For individuals who work in the fashion industry, it is a profession in itself as well as a personal interest. For those outside the industry, fashion still plays a very important role. However, many people do not realize that fashion is also a valuable tool for analyzing culture and for assessing the values of that culture. Our fashion choices tell people who we are and what our standing is in society; in addition, our choices have an impact on our ability to succeed or to fail in certain areas of our lives. The topic of research for this proposal is an analysis of the ways in which clothing functions as a reflection of our culture, as well as a tool that can enhance or hinder our success in life. Rationale People have been using clothing and accessories for centuries. In fact, as ONeil has pointed out, clothing and accessories are not the only items used to decorate the body. Across the globe,   the ways in which people present themselves vary widely. Items commonly used range from body and hair paint to decorative scarring, and from perfume to body deformation (ONeil 2005: n.p.). Clothing is primarily worn, of course, for practical reasons, such as protection from the weather and outdoor elements. It is also worn to cover certain parts of the body, either out of modesty or cultural restrictions. The parts of the body that are covered may be different, depending upon the culture and location Clothing may also be used a sort of talisman to ward off evil, or a type of supernatural protection. In Christian populations, wearing a medal of St. Christopher is thought to protect the wearer from evil (ONeil 2005: n.p.). In a similar vein, carrying a rabbits foot or some other item associated with luck is a way of using supernatural assistance. However, clothing is worn for more than the reasons stated above. ONeil asserts that long before we are physically near enough to talk to people, their appearance announces their gender, age, economic class, and often even intentions (2005: n.p.). Fashion is also a medium by which people communicate messages about gender, occupation, class, and wealth. This is something we learn to recognize when we are very young. We also come to recognize what ONeil refers to as a vocabulary of dress. In other words, in addition to the actual items of clothing we wear, there are other features that we have come to accept as part of dress. Among these are hairstyles, makeup, and accessories such as jewelry. Additionally, body decoration such as tattoos and piercings have come to be considered part of the contemporary vocabulary of dress. According to Joanne Entwistle, in contemporary culture, the body has become the site of identity. We experience our bodies as separate from others and increasingly we identify with our bodies as containers of our identities and places of personal expression (2000: 138). An important aspect of fashion is its relationship to society at large. In recent years, this has become considerably more complex. The way we dress says a great deal more about us than many people realize. What we wear presents a statement to the world. It is another way of revealing certain information about ourselves to others: without saying a word, we give out clues about our social background, our economic status, and our images of ourselves. As Entwistle has suggested,   dress is tied up to social life in more than one way: it is produced out of economic, political, technological conditions as well as shaped by social., cultural, aesthetic ideas (2000: 111). The significance of clothing goes beyond what we wear. A pair of blue jeans is not just a pair of blue jeans. The brand is often just as or more important as the article of clothing. Brand recognition is a crucial factor in the world of fashion, especially for younger generations. Faedda asserts that for young people jeans have become a tool of social and political protest, of adherence and membership, symbol and emblem; for stylists jeans have become a trendy casual product, a refined prà ªt a porter article or quite a high fashion creation (Faedda 2005:4). Not only is clothing a key to who we are it also plays a role in how far we can travel in certain circles. It has been said that the right clothing can grant us access to the right places and the right people (Jones 2002: 21). Some scholars theorize that what we wear affects how we act, as well as how others react to us. According to ONeil, putting on certain types of clothing can change your behavior and the behavior of others towards you (2005:n.p.). He uses the example of uniforms, explaining that the message conveyed simply by wearing the clothing associated with a particular profession is both immediate and strong. One specific example ONeil mentions is that of a study of Spanish policemen. Without their uniforms, they were seen as having little or no effect on people, even though they were in fact identified as policemen. With their uniforms on, however, they acted in a much more aggressive manner. In addition, the people who saw them in uniform were much more responsive to di rections. ONeil also explains that uniforms are designed to elicit this kind of response:   Most uniforms are consciously symbolic so that they can rapidly and conclusively communicate status†¦The ribbons and other insignias on the U.S. sailors uniform can tell even a stranger about his status, authority, and military experience (2005: n.p.). And it is important to note that uniforms can include things beyond clothing, such as specific hairstyles that are commonly associated with certain groups of individuals. The uniform hairstyle of   punkers is one example of this. It is assumed by the wearers that the public will recognize these markers and make the connection to a certain group:  it is necessary to know what these culturally defined symbols mean in the context that they are used in order to understand what is being communicated (ONeil 2005: n.p.). According to Faedda, the uniform as we know it has become a transgressive symbol that is associated with the so-called subcultures o r antifashions, political and social movements, music, mass protests and juvenile cultural phenomena generally (Faedda 2005: 4). In addition to its many other uses, dress is also used as a form of camouflage. According to Faedda, dress covers, frames, hides and masks the body. In this sense it works to distinguish and, in the same time, to link oneself to the others: dress is our filter with the world (2005: 4). This assertion that dress is often used to hide or mask the body suggests that there is something unpleasant, undesirable, or even shameful about the body. This in turn brings up a number of issues about clothing and about that which it disguises. According to some scholars, the role of the body has been evolving: in the affluent West, there is a tendency for the body to be seen as an entity which is in the process of becoming; a project which should be worked at and accomplished as part of an individual’s self-identity (Shilling 1993: 5). The concept of the body as a project suggests a dissociation of the self from the body This point is echoed by Entwistle, who asserts that fashion, dress and consumption provide ways of dealing with the problems of the modern world, characterized by increasing fragmentation and a sense of chaos. Fashion opens up possibilities for framing the self, however temporarily (2000: 139). In this sense, fashion takes on seemingly therapeutic aspects: in response to an increasingly complex and chaotic world, the one thing we may feel we can control is our sense of self. Since that self is often expressed through fashion statements, the role of fashion takes on additional significance. As Gilman has commented, in a world in which we are judged by how we appear, the belief that we can change our appearance is liberating (1999: 3). In fact, as Gilman elaborates, To become someone else or to become a better version of ourselves in the eyes of the world is something we all want. Whether we do it with ornaments such as jewelry or through the wide range of physical alterations from hair dressing to tattoos to body piercing, we respond to the demand of seeing and being seen. (Gilman 1999: 3) Aims and Objectives The primary aim of undertaking this research is to explore the intricate and complex messages that are revealed by the types of dress we choose. Our fashion choices say a great deal about us as individuals; on a broader level, fashion trends reflect important aspects of any given culture during a certain time frame. Questions that are driving the design of the project include: What does fashion indicate about the wearer? How does fashion reflect the values and beliefs of different cultures? What is the significance of fashion trends? By combining information from scholarly research, articles from contemporary fashion magazines, and data from internet sources, the final project will seek to answer the questions above and draw relevant conclusions about the complex relationship between fashion and identity. Proposed Methodology Proposed methodology for this project will consist of a combination of quantitative and qualitative sources. A variety of print sources will be used, including books, scholarly journals, fashion magazines, and newspaper articles. Internet resources will also be an integral part of the research process. Current statistical information as well as the latest information on industry trends is more readily available on the internet. This makes the internet a valuable resource when studying an industry that is characterized by rapid change. Additional methodology in the form of questionnaire administration is also proposed as part of this research project. Specifically, a questionnaire would be designed in order to collect data regarding key points that are speculated upon in the research. This questionnaire will be formulated to elicit a range of attitudes based on a series of multiple-choice questions. Although the target audience will be limited by time and resource constraints, participants will be selected at random. In this way, the data collected will reflect society at large. Questionnaire administration will be executed through email and through direct contact with the public. Data collected from questionnaires will be organized and interpreted in terms of stratified clusters, in keeping with the original project format, and will be analyzed, and presented in conjunction with other findings. If discrepancies are discovered between the anticipated and actual results, possible explanations will be formulated and included in the analysis. As for modes of research: as indicated above, information will come from a variety of sources. This will include scholarly research, articles from contemporary fashion magazines, and data from internet sources. Information about research sources will be listed at the end of the paper in a reference list. The reference list will consist of two parts. The first part of the reference list will include sources that are quoted or otherwise directly used in the body of the paper. The second part of the list will include sources that were consulted but which do not appear in the body of the paper. If a questionnaire is used, a copy will be included in a supplementary appendix, along with all additional relevant information that is not included in the body of the paper. Content The content of the research will be organized in chapters and will include sub-headings within each chapter. A Table of Contents will be included to indicate the chapter divisions, Reference List, and Appendices (if used). References and Bibliography All research sources will be listed at the end of the paper in a reference list. Sources that are quoted or otherwise directly used in the body of the paper will be indicated as part of the primary reference list. Sources that were consulted but which do not appear in the body of the paper will be included in a supplement to the primary reference list. Appendices, if found to be helpful, will also be included at the end of the paper. Critical Path A proposed timetable will be formulated upon approval of topic, and will consist of goals and completion dates for each portion of the project. The timetable will be arranged to allow for research, data collection and interpretation, and writing of the paper itself. Time will be allotted for initial and final drafts, as well as proofreading and final revisions before submission. Reflective Statement The complexity of the fashion industry lends itself to a broad choice of career trajectories. This research project will further elucidate the options available. One of the options that has a great deal of appeal is working as a Fashion Consultant, since preliminary research for this project indicates that this is a challenging and rapidly expanding profession in the industry. In addition, opportunities for further research on a more advanced level will be explored. References Entwistle, J. 2000. The fashioned body: Fashion, dress, and modern social theory. Cambridge: Polity Press. Faedda, Barbara. 2005. Wearing and appearing: An anthropological analysis through the shop windows Retrieved December 23, 2005 from http://www.anthroglobe.ca/docs/WEARING%20AND%20APPEARING.htm Gilman, Sander. 1999. Making the body beautiful: A cultural history of aesthetic surgery.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Jones, S. 2002. Fashion design. London: Laurence King Publishing Ltd. ONeil, Dennis. 2005. Hidden aspects of communication. Retrieved December 23, 2005 from http://anthro.palomar.edu/language/language_6.htm Shilling, C. 1993. The body and social theory. London: Sage.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Bullet Proof Vests

The product bullet proof vest is under the manufacturing medical supplies and devices industry which has a total of about 11,000 companies under its umbrella, earning an aggregate income of $75 billion annually. The major players of this industry are Baxter International, Boston Scientific, Johnson & Johnson, and Medtronic, which produces surgical, ophthalmic, and dental instruments and supplies used in the medical field. It is said that the industry is well focused on the hands of 50 largest companies which make up the 75% income of the whole industry.Market Force 1: Technological Forces Armstrong and Kotler (2009) cited that the wonders of technology produce new markets and opportunities, though in some cases hurt other businesses. Technology is now molding the destiny of everyone in a very dramatic manner. Regularly, bullet proof vests must be upgraded when it comes to materials and workmanship, to be in congruence with the fast advancing and high-powered technology in ammunitions being sold in the marketplace.Customers require innovative designs combined with sophisticated and complex functionality for their bullet proof vests. Market Force 2: Demographic forces The world population increases rapidly, affecting the population demographically in terms of age, density, location, gender, race and occupation among others, (Armstrong and Kotler, 2009) . The doubling increase in population yearly has many implications in business, which could be in the form of opportunities or challenges. Since population is people, marketers are very concern and interested in this factor.For instance, crimes are becoming more and more intense and well-organized which calls for more police officers with advance combat gears for protection and safety. Market Force 3: Environmental Forces The natural environment plays a vital role in the production and marketing of bullet proof vests, especially when it comes to the materials being used. Corporate social responsibility and governme nt regulations on environment calls for the use of environmental friendly materials for products being manufactured in order to lessen the impact of pollution to human beings.The use of ApNano materials, for instance in personal safety equipment for saving lives and preventing injuries is a major breakthrough in bullet proof vests production. Strategies to Overcome the Threats The increasing threat when it comes to government regulations in promoting clean environment is also a technological and economic problem. There is a need for political will, large fund and more advanced way of protecting the environment, while making profit. One strategy is to produce practical and affordable products through continuous product development.This way though the product is highly advanced in technology, still more customers will have the capacity to buy the product because it could be offered in a competitive pricing strategy. Strategies to Capitalize on the Opportunities As the technological en vironment changes in a fast phased manner, more and more new products are being desired by customers. New and more advanced technology substitutes the older version, which means a need to produce creative and innovative products.Marketers should watch the technological environment very intimately, at the same time envisioning what most likely will be acceptable in the marketplace in days, months and years ahead. Research and development to come up with fresh and novel bullet proof vests is very essential. Conclusion Since the product bullet proof vests uses a rapidly changing technology, there is a need for tradeoff in order to maximize product performance, cost and reliability, so product development is the appropriate strategy.There is also a need to focus on high level of service and responsiveness to answer to customer requirements of safety and protection while at the same time. There has to be fast product creation which means developing products very quickly in order to start benefiting from these products. References Armstrong, G & Kotler, P. (2009). Marketing: An Introduction, 9th ed. Prentice Hall. www. nanotech-now. com/news. cgi? story_id=29842

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Culture of Pakistan Essay

Culture Definition A simple definition of culture is that it is the human response to the forces of Nature and History. According to the (World Conference on Culture Policies, Mexico 1982)Culture is â€Å"the whole complex of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features that characterize a society or social group. It includes not only arts and letters, but also modes of life, the fundamental rights of the human being, value systems, traditions and beliefs.† PAKISTANI CULTURE Pakistan is the country full of natural and cultural wealth. Pakistan has its own unique and specific cultural identification. Culture and heritage of Pakistan reflects the extra ordinary skill and devotion of Pakistani people. Pakistani people are playing a vital role in the presentation, development and promotion of Pakistani culture. The Pakistani culture is dominated by Islamic tradition and heritage. Islamic heritage has great impact on Pakistani culture. In ancient times, Pakistan was a major cultural hub. Many cultural practices and great monuments have been inherited from the time of the ancient rulers of the region. One of the greatest cultural influences was that of the Persian Empire, of which Pakistan was a part. In fact, the Pakistani satraps were at one time the richest and most productive of the massive Persian Empire. Other key influences include the Afghan Empire, Mughal Empire and later, the short-lived but influential, the British Empire. Punjabi Objectives Pakistan is a country of diverse communities with cultural traditions, belief systems, value systems, life styles, dialects and aspirations which determine the objectives of the policy, which are listed below. They aim at providing an environment conducive to the growth and promotion our culture as enshrined in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Evaluation of an iq test essays

Evaluation of an iq test essays Evaluation of an IQ test : Analysing the Reliability and Validity of the Psygat This study involved the examination of a newly developed intelligence test, the Psygat, in order to assess its reliability and construct validity. A group of 268 psychology students, with an average age of 22.37 were asked to complete the Psygat tests after completing two other intelligence tests, a Culture Fair test and a Verbal IQ test. The results of the Psygat were then analysed for internal reliability through a split half analysis based on age. The construct validity of the Psygat was examined through the analysis of the test scores against the other two intelligence tests. The hypothesis that the test would show significant internal reliability as well construct validity when measured against the other two tests was supported, although inconsistencies with the Culture Fair IQ test were detected for the younger age group. It was concluded that the evidence suggests that the Psygat is a test that could be validly used as an assessment of verbal intelligence, but further investi gation is required regarding the tests use for the assessment of culture fair parameters. While countless intelligence tests have been developed over the last century, the need for strict policing over the construction and administration of tests in order to prevent misuse has been well established. As far back as 1944 Lawson (1944,1992) identified significant problems with the construction and use of intelligence tests and proposed strict guidelines. Since then, the number of tests in common use has increased dramatically, with their importance in the functioning of the community being advanced considerably. However, despite the best efforts of the international psychology community, concern has been growing in recent years over the misuse of psychological testing, including intelligence tests (Turner et al, 2001, Daniel 1997), with at least some of this concern being dire...